How to Reduce Your Risk of Contracting an STI

STIs, also called sexually transmitted diseases (STDs), are infections mainly spread through sexual contact. They can be caused by bacteria, viruses, or parasites. Common STIs include:

• Chlamydia: A bacterial infection that often has no symptoms but can cause reproductive problems if not treated.

• Gonorrhea: Another bacterial infection that can affect the genitals, throat, or rectum.

• Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV): A virus that can lead to AIDS if not managed with treatment, weakening the immune system.

• Genital Herpes: Caused by the herpes simplex virus (HSV), leading to sores and outbreaks.

• Human Papillomavirus (HPV): The most common STI; some types cause genital warts, while others can lead to cancer.

• Syphilis: A bacterial infection that develops in stages and can cause serious problems if untreated.

STIs are mostly spread through vaginal, anal, or oral sex. They can be passed when an infected person’s body fluids or skin touch another person. Some, like herpes and HPV, can spread through skin-to-skin contact even without intercourse. STIs can also be passed through shared needles or from mother to baby during childbirth.

1. Use Barrier Protection

Barrier protection is one of the best ways to lower the risk of getting or spreading STIs. Condoms and dental dams act as a physical barrier to stop the exchange of body fluids during sex.

• Condoms: Thin covers made of latex, polyurethane, or polyisoprene that go over the penis. They are very effective when used correctly. Female or internal condoms are worn inside the vagina or anus and work similarly.

• Dental Dams: Thin sheets of latex or polyurethane used during oral sex to cover the genitals or anus.

Tips for Using Barriers:

• Check the expiration date before use.

• Store them in a cool, dry place.

• Open packages carefully to avoid tearing.

• Make sure the condom is rolled on the right way.

• Use water-based or silicone-based lubricants (not oil-based) to prevent breakage.

2. Get Regular STI Testing

Getting tested regularly is key to staying healthy and protecting others. Many STIs have no symptoms, so you might not know you’re infected.

• New Partner: Get tested before having sex.

• Multiple Partners: Test every 3 to 6 months.

• Monogamous Relationship: Annual testing is a good idea.

In the US, you can get tested for free or low cost at sexual health clinics, doctors offices, and community centers. At-home testing kits are also available for privacy and convenience.

3. Communicate with Your Partners

Talking openly with your sexual partners about STI testing, protection, and sexual health helps build trust and keeps everyone safe.

• Choose a private, relaxed time to talk.

• Be honest and use “I” statements (like “I think it’s important for us to get tested”).

• Share your own test results and ask about theirs.

• Both partners should agree on using protection and regular testing.

4. Get Vaccinated

Vaccines can prevent some STIs:

• HPV Vaccine: Protects against strains of HPV that cause genital warts and some cancers. It’s best given before becoming sexually active but can still help adults up to age 45.

• Hepatitis B Vaccine: Protects against a virus that affects the liver and can be spread through sex.

Vaccines are available at sexual health clinics, community health services, and pharmacies.

5. Limit the Number of Sexual Partners

Having more sexual partners increases your risk of getting an STI because each person may have their own sexual health history. Limiting partners and having open conversations about sexual health can lower your risk.

• Be open with all partners about STI status and testing.

• Use protection with every partner.

• Set clear boundaries about what sexual activities are okay.

6. Avoid High-Risk Practices

Some sexual activities have a higher risk of spreading STIs, especially without protection.

• Unprotected Anal Sex: Higher risk because the rectum can tear easily.

• Oral Sex Without Protection: Some STIs can still be spread this way.

• Sharing Sex Toys: Always clean toys or use a new condom for each person.

How to Lower Risk:

• Use condoms or dental dams for all types of sex.

• Use water-based or silicone-based lubricants.

• Clean sex toys between uses.

• Limit drug and alcohol use during sex to avoid risky decisions.

Safer Alternatives: Activities like mutual masturbation or kissing have a lower risk for STIs.

Many STIs have mild or no symptoms, but early signs can include:

• Painful or frequent urination

• Unusual discharge from the penis, vagina, or rectum

• Sores, blisters, or warts

• Itching or irritation

• Pelvic pain

• Flu-like symptoms (fever, fatigue, swollen lymph nodes)

If you notice any of these, see a doctor or visit a sexual health clinic right away. Tell your recent partners and avoid sex until you’re treated.

Preventing STIs means staying aware, acting responsibly, and taking steps like using protection, getting tested, communicating with partners, and getting vaccinated. Recognizing symptoms early and getting treatment protects you and others. Sexual health is part of overall health, and making safe choices helps create a healthier community for everyone.