Abdominal Pain - The Causes, Symptoms & Treatments

Abdominal pain can have various origins, ranging from harmless to urgent. Understanding the possible causes helps pinpoint whether you can manage the discomfort at home or need medical attention. Let’s look at some common triggers.

Digestive Causes

Your digestive system is often the culprit behind abdominal pain. Conditions like indigestion arise when your stomach struggles to process food efficiently, leading to discomfort or a burning sensation. Gas or bloating can stretch the intestines, causing crampy sensations that often ease once the gas passes.

Constipation is another frequent issue—when stool builds up in the colon, it creates pressure and discomfort. Food poisoning or stomach viruses, caused by harmful bacteria or viruses, can trigger diarrhea, nausea, vomiting, and cramps, typically resolving in a few days with hydration and rest. Similarly, IBS can also cause most of the associated symptoms above.

Serious Conditions

Some causes of abdominal pain demand swift action. Appendicitis, an inflamed appendix, typically causes sharp pain on the lower right side and may require surgery to prevent complications. You can also get pain that feels like colic – waves of sharp pain that can stop and start suddenly. Common causes of this abdominal pain are kidney stones and gallstones. Gallstones, hardened deposits in the gallbladder, can block bile flow and lead to severe pain, especially after fatty meals. Similarly, peptic ulcers, open sores in the stomach or intestine lining, may cause burning pain that worsens when the stomach is empty.

Other Causes

Not all abdominal pain stems from digestion. Menstrual cramps are a common issue for many women, often involving throbbing or aching in the lower abdomen. Emotional stress can also manifest physically, with stress or anxiety causing tension in the abdominal muscles or disrupting normal digestive processes.

Each type of pain tells a story. A dull ache might signal a minor issue, while sharp or persistent pain could point to something more serious. Paying attention to your symptoms' location, intensity, and duration is key to understanding what’s happening inside your body.

You should book a routine appointment with your doctor if the pain continues for more than one to two weeks without improvement or keeps coming back.

Other reasons to speak to your doctor would be if you have lost weight unintentionally or if you have noticed mucus or blood in your stools.

If you have pain when passing urine, you should speak to your doctor on the day or the next day, as you may need a urine test and to start antibiotics for a urinary tract infection.

Reasons to seek medical attention via an urgent visit with your doctor or calling 911 would be if you have severe pain, you have a fever with your abdominal pain or you feel particularly unwell.

What will my doctor do?

Your doctor will ask you about your symptoms, your medical history, any relevant family medical history, and what medications you are currently taking. They will ask you detailed questions about the pain such as what type of pain it is, how it started, and if it has moved anywhere or gotten worse. They will examine and have a feel of your abdomen and may take your temperature, blood pressure and pulse. Depending on what the doctor feels is the cause, they may do further tests such as blood tests or refer you for a scan of your abdomen.

Home Remedies and Self-Care Options

Simple self-care measures can often bring relief for mild or occasional abdominal pain. Paying attention to your body’s symptoms and making a few changes can make a significant difference.

Rest and Hydration
Sometimes, your body needs a break. Resting lets your digestive system settle, particularly after a heavy meal or stress. Staying hydrated is equally essential—water helps ease digestion and prevents issues like constipation. Clear fluids, like herbal teas or electrolyte solutions, can soothe the stomach.

Warm Compresses for Cramps
A warm compress or heating pad can help relax tense muscles in the abdomen. This is especially effective for cramps caused by menstruation or gas. Applying warmth for 15–20 minutes can bring soothing relief without needing medication.

Avoiding Spicy or Greasy Foods
Foods high in spice, fat, or oil can irritate the stomach lining and trigger indigestion. Stick to bland, easy-to-digest meals like rice, bananas, or toast to give your digestive system a chance to recover. Avoid caffeine and alcohol, as these can exacerbate discomfort.

You can often reduce abdominal pain at home by taking small, deliberate steps. However, consulting a healthcare professional is always the safest approach if the discomfort persists or worsens.

Over-the-Counter Solutions

Certain over-the-counter (OTC) remedies can help ease discomfort effectively when abdominal pain strikes. These options are widely available and can target specific issues based on the nature of your pain.

Antacids for Indigestion
If you experience a burning sensation or heaviness after eating, an antacid can neutralize excess stomach acid. Products containing calcium carbonate or magnesium hydroxide, like Gaviscon or Rennies act quickly to relieve symptoms of indigestion and heartburn. For longer-lasting relief, acid reducers like esomeprazole or omeprazole may be considered, though these are often best discussed with your local pharmacist.

Simethicone for Gas
Gas trapped in the digestive system can lead to bloating and cramping. Simethicone products like Gas-X, break up gas bubbles, making it easier for them to pass naturally. They’re particularly useful after meals or when bloating follows the consumption of gas-producing foods like beans or broccoli.

Pain Relievers (acetaminophen over NSAIDs unless advised)
For general abdominal discomfort, acetaminophen is often a safer choice than non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) like ibuprofen. NSAIDs can irritate the stomach lining and worsen certain conditions, especially if taken on an empty stomach. Always check the dosing instructions and consult a pharmacist if unsure.

Adopting a few simple habits can reduce the likelihood of abdominal pain and promote overall digestive health. Prevention is often easier than managing recurring discomfort.

Eating Smaller Meals
Large, heavy meals can overwhelm your digestive system, causing bloating, cramping, or indigestion. Opting for smaller, more frequent meals can help prevent discomfort. Chewing slowly and mindfully reduces the risk of swallowing air and minimizes gas.

Staying Hydrated
Proper hydration is essential for smooth digestion. Water keeps stool soft and prevents constipation while also supporting the digestive system's natural processes. Aim for six to eight glasses of water daily, and increase this intake during hot weather or exercise.

Managing Stress
Stress doesn’t just affect your mind—it can disrupt digestion too. Chronic stress may lead to abdominal pain, nausea, or changes in bowel habits. Incorporating relaxation techniques like deep breathing, yoga, or meditation can help regulate your digestive system and reduce the risk of stress-induced discomfort.

Small changes in daily habits can make a noticeable difference in how your body handles digestion. Consistency is key; even modest efforts can lead to long-term benefits for your abdominal health.