Collagen is a protein that is very important for your body. It helps keep your skin, hair, nails, muscles, and joints strong and flexible. As you get older, your body makes less collagen, which can lead to wrinkles, thinner hair, and joint pain. Many people use collagen supplements and beauty products, hoping to look younger and feel better. This article explains what collagen is, how it works, the different types, and whether supplements really help. It also shares natural ways to boost your body’s collagen and clears up common myths.

Our microbiome refers to the diverse community of microorganisms that inhabit our bodies, primarily in our gastrointestinal tract, but also on our skin and in other areas. This community consists of bacteria, viruses, fungi, and other microbes, collectively playing a crucial role in maintaining our health and well-being. The gut microbiome, in particular, is home to trillions of microorganisms, with hundreds of different species. These microbes contribute to various physiological functions, including digestion, nutrient absorption, immune system regulation, and even influencing our mood and behaviour. A balanced and diverse microbiome is associated with better overall health, while disruptions in its composition, known as dysbiosis, have been linked to various health conditions such as inflammatory bowel disease, obesity, and autoimmune disorders What are Probiotics? Probiotics have garnered increasing attention recently for their potential to support gut health and overall well-being. But what exactly are probiotics? Simply put, probiotics are live microorganisms that have health benefits to the host when consumed in adequate amounts. These microorganisms, often referred to as "friendly" or "good" bacteria, can be found naturally in certain foods like yoghurt, kefir, fermented vegetables, and dietary supplements. They primarily consist of strains of bacteria such as Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium, known for their beneficial effects on the gut.

Hormone Replacement Therapy (HRT) is a treatment that helps women manage menopause symptoms, like hot flashes, mood swings, and bone health issues. HRT can improve life during menopause, but it may slightly raise the risk of breast cancer. Knowing how HRT affects breast cancer risk helps women make smart choices for their health. What is HRT? HRT replaces oestrogen, a hormone that drops during menopause. This drop can cause symptoms like night sweats and mood changes. HRT helps balance hormones and relieves these symptoms. Types of HRT: Oestrogen-only HRT: Usually for women who have had their womb removed. Using it with an intact womb can raise the risk of womb cancer. Combined HRT: Has both oestrogen and progestogen. For women with a womb, it lowers womb cancer risk but may slightly raise breast cancer risk more than oestrogen-only HRT. Localised HRT: Creams, rings, or pessaries used in the vagina for dryness. It does not affect the whole body. HRT and Breast Cancer Risk Some studies show that combined HRT can slightly increase breast cancer risk, especially if used for a long time. Risk factors include: Type of HRT: Combined HRT has a higher risk; localised HRT does not. Duration: Using HRT for longer periods, especially combined HRT, can increase the risk. Regular check-ins with your doctor are recommended. Personal/family history: If you or your family have had breast cancer, the risk may be higher. Most research indicates that the risk returns to normal within five years of stopping HRT. Many women still find that HRT improves their quality of life. Factors That Affect Breast Cancer Risk Age: Starting HRT closer to menopause is associated with lower risks. Starting later can increase risk. Family history: Women with a family history of breast cancer should talk to their doctor. Lifestyle: Smoking, alcohol, and being overweight raise breast cancer risk. Healthy habits help lower risk. Duration of use: Short-term use (under five years) has less impact; more prolonged use may increase risk.

What Is Menopausal Joint Pain? Menopause is a natural part of the ageing process. While most people associate it with hot flushes and mood swings, joint pain is also common. Sometimes referred to as "menopausal arthritis," this condition can cause pain in the knees, hips, neck, hands, and shoulders, making daily activities more challenging and reducing overall quality of life.

Menopause is a natural stage in a woman's life, typically occurring between the ages of 45 and 55. It marks the end of menstrual periods and brings about hormonal changes. Common symptoms include hot flashes, night sweats, mood swings, and trouble sleeping. These can make daily life harder. In the UK, doctors often recommend hormone replacement therapy (HRT) for menopause. Some women also use supplements to help with mild symptoms. This guide explains vitamins, minerals, and herbal supplements that may help, based on NHS and NICE guidance. Key Vitamins and Minerals for Menopause Vitamin D Helps the body absorb calcium and maintain strong bones. The NHS recommends 10 micrograms (mcg) per day, especially in autumn and winter. Calcium Supports bone health, which is especially important after menopause. Women over 50 should aim for approximately 1,200 mg of calcium daily through food or supplements. Vitamin B6 and B12 Help with energy and mood. Found in eggs, meat, dairy, and leafy greens. Magnesium Supports sleep, reduces muscle cramps, and may help with mild anxiety. Sources include nuts, seeds, and leafy greens. Supplements may help with joint pain or hot flashes. Herbal Supplements and Plant-Based Options Phytoestrogens Plant compounds that act a little like oestrogen. Found in soybeans, flaxseeds, chickpeas, soy isoflavones, and red clover. Some women find them helpful for hot flashes, but the evidence is mixed. Black Cohosh Used for hot flashes and mood swings. Research is limited, and it may not be safe for women with liver problems. Always consult a doctor before using. Supplements for Bone and Heart Health Omega-3 Fatty Acids Found in fish oil or flaxseed supplements. Good for heart health, though they do not directly reduce menopause symptoms. Collagen May support skin, joints, and bone strength. Research is ongoing, and effectiveness varies. Vitamin K2 Helps the body use calcium properly for strong bones. Often taken with calcium and vitamin D. Are Menopause Supplements Safe? Supplements can fill gaps in your diet, but should not replace a balanced diet. Herbal supplements, such as black cohosh or red clover, can interact with other medications. Excessive intake of calcium or vitamin D can be harmful. Always consult a healthcare professional before starting any new supplements. Lifestyle Tips to Help With Menopause Exercise, such as walking, jogging, or resistance training, helps strengthen bones, improve heart health, and boost mood. Eat Well: Focus on fruits, vegetables, whole grains, and lean proteins. Sleep: Maintain a regular schedule and bedtime routine. Manage Stress: Yoga, meditation, or mindfulness can help alleviate mood and anxiety issues. When to See a Doctor Symptoms that are severe or don't improve with supplements and lifestyle changes. Persistent hot flashes, night sweats, or mood swings that significantly affect daily life. Sudden changes in health, such as bone pain or heart issues, may indicate a serious underlying condition. Doctors may recommend HRT or other treatments for symptom relief. Supplements are most effective when used in conjunction with a balanced diet, regular exercise, adequate sleep, and professional medical guidance. References (UWE Harvard Style) NHS. (2023) Menopause. Available at: (Accessed: 22 September 2025). NICE. (2023) Menopause: Diagnosis and management. Available at: (Accessed: 22 September 2025). British Nutrition Foundation. (2022) Nutrition and menopause. Available at: (Accessed: 22 September 2025). National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. (2023) Herbal remedies and menopause. Available at: (Accessed: 22 September 2025). Women's Health Concern. (2022) Supplements in menopause. Available at: (Accessed: 22 September 2025).

What Is Biotin? Biotin, also called vitamin B7, is a water-soluble vitamin from the B complex group. It helps your body turn food—carbohydrates, fats, and proteins—into energy. Biotin is important for cell growth and is often linked to healthy hair, skin, and nails. You can find biotin in foods like eggs, nuts, seeds, beans, and whole grains. Most people get enough biotin from their diet, so a deficiency is rare. When someone does not get enough biotin, they might have thinning hair, weak nails, or skin rashes. Does Biotin Help Hair Growth? Many people believe that biotin can make hair grow faster or thicker. Biotin helps your body make keratin, a protein that is a key part of hair. However, research shows that biotin supplements only help hair growth if you already have a biotin deficiency. If you are not lacking biotin, taking extra probably will not make your hair grow more. Can Biotin Stop Hair Loss? Biotin does not cure genetic hair loss, like male-pattern baldness. But if your hair is thinning because you do not have enough biotin, taking supplements can help your hair become stronger and thicker. Most studies that show biotin helps with hair regrowth focus on people who have a deficiency or certain health problems.

Sleep is one of the most essential parts of staying healthy, yet millions of people struggle to get enough quality rest. Poor sleep can leave you feeling tired, stressed, and unfocused, and over time, it can take a serious toll on your overall health. While countless products and remedies claim to improve sleep, one natural option has been gaining attention: magnesium. This essential mineral supports hundreds of processes in the body, including muscle function, stress regulation, and relaxation, which makes it a vital player for sleep quality. But does magnesium really help you sleep better? Let’s explore how magnesium affects sleep, the signs of deficiency, the best food and supplement options, and how to safely use it for better rest. What Is Magnesium and Why Does It Matter for Sleep? Magnesium is a vital mineral that your body needs every day. It helps with: Muscle and nerve function Blood pressure regulation Immune system support Energy production and cell repair For sleep, magnesium is especially important because it: Regulates neurotransmitters (the brain’s chemical messengers). Supports healthy levels of GABA (gamma-aminobutyric acid), a calming neurotransmitter that helps your brain “switch off” at night. Plays a role in the production of melatonin, the hormone that controls your sleep-wake cycle. Magnesium is found naturally in foods like leafy greens, nuts, seeds, legumes, and whole grains. However, many people don’t get enough, which can impact their ability to relax and sleep well.

Vitamin D is crucial for children's health as it plays a vital role in various physiological functions, especially in bone development and overall immune system function. Here are some key points commonly sked by parents to our paediatricians about Vitamin D and its importance for children:

Vitamin D has been hailed as a helper in the fight against COVID-19. Judging by the empty supermarket shelves, the public is listening. But what’s the theory behind it and where’s the evidence? Can vitamin D stop us catching COVID-19? Or stop it from making us really ill? We’ve examined the facts.

So we got the message we need vitamin D for healthy bones and teeth and heaps of other good things, and we know we need to take supplements through the dreary dark winter. But can we have too much of a good thing? Well, in a word, yes. The clinicians here at Healthwords will tell you how much is too much, what to look out for and how to protect yourself.

So you are thinking of starting vitamin D supplements? Here’s the lowdown on everything you need to know, based on the questions we are asked in our work as practising GPs.

Dietary sources of vitamin D are especially important. If you cannot go outside into the sun, or during the winter months in the UK, you are unable to get enough sun exposure to make vitamin D. At this point, your only options are dietary vitamin D or taking supplements.